Jomon Culture Japanese archipelago 14,000 BCE – 300 BCE Independent
Indus Valley Civilization Indus River Basin, South Asia 3,300 BCE – 1,300 BCE Independent
Minoan Civilization Crete, Aegean Sea 3,000 BCE – 1,100 BCE Independent
Old Kingdom Egypt Nile Valley, North Africa 2,686 BCE – 2,181 BCE Post-contact
Mycenaean Greece Greek mainland and Aegean 1,600 BCE – 1,100 BCE Post-contact
Egyptian New Kingdom Nile Valley and Levant 1,550 BCE – 1,077 BCE Post-contact
Phoenician City-States Levantine coast 1,200 BCE – 539 BCE Independent
Etruscan Civilization Central Italy 900 BCE – 27 BCE Independent
Carthaginian Empire North African coast and western Mediterranean 814 BCE – 146 BCE Post-contact
Achaemenid Persian Empire Iranian Plateau to the Indus 550 BCE – 330 BCE Post-contact
Roman Republic Italian Peninsula, expanding to Mediterranean 509 BCE – 27 BCE Post-contact
Classical Athens Attica, Greece 508 BCE – 322 BCE Post-contact
Maurya Empire Indian subcontinent 322 BCE – 185 BCE Post-contact
Han Dynasty East Asia 206 BCE – 220 CE Independent
Roman Empire Mediterranean basin and Western Europe 27 BCE – 476 CE Post-contact
Kingdom of Aksum Horn of Africa 100 CE – 940 CE Independent
Sassanid Empire Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia 224 CE – 651 CE Post-contact
Gupta Empire Northern Indian subcontinent 320 CE – 550 CE Independent
Byzantine Empire Eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia 330 CE – 1453 CE Post-contact
Postclassic Maya (Chichén Itzá era) Northern Yucatán 900 CE – 1524 CE Independent
Chimú Kingdom Northern coastal Peru 900 CE – 1470 CE Independent